How Celebrity Endorsement effects Consumer Behavior Term Paper

How Celebrity Endorsement effects Consumer Behavior - Term Paper Example Do celebrities play a role in changing consumers’ behaviors and purchasing habits? The question remains a major mystery for us but not for the advertisers who have been using celebrities as a tool to increase the sales of companies. Celebrity endorsement has a positive impact on the sales of businesses. It is not only a useful tool to attract young consumers but celebrity endorsement is equally effective on adult male and female counterparts. This paper aims to analyze how celebrity endorsement affects the different groups and provides a number of examples to support the claims made. Children desire to eat, use and wear what is being advertised in an attractive way on television, internet and videogames. They even try to get access to that stuff which their favorite movie or video game character or athlete consumes (Taylor 2005, p. 17). They also try to consume the most popular brands to show their prestige and high living standards. Media has the power of transforming the choices and attitudes of the whole society by merely portraying things in a manner they wish to. People believe in media and somehow take inspiration from the characters on TV, actors in movies, models in magazines, authors of magazines or anchors of Radio. An estimation reveals that on average, Americans probably watch television for 1550 hours, spend approximately 1160 hours in listening to radio programs and nearly 290 hours are spent in reading newspapers, magazines and blogs (Eastman, 2003). This level of interaction with media confirms the reliance of the audience on the information provi ded on these mediums. Celebrity endorsement is one of the major techniques used by marketers to improve the brand image. It has been observed during the research that people are more willing to pay for branded products. The image of brands is largely dependent on its publicity and popularity among the consumers. People make branded objects their choice to make a better social reputation and influence other counterparts of the society (Dhar 2007, pp. 72-78). Celebrity endorsement leads to capture this type of ‘reputation conscious’ people. Celebrity endorsement helps in making the brand name popular in public. People using the products of certain brands can then easily expose their financial stability and excellent choice (Krahmer 2006). A well-known and well-advertised product or service increases the chances of its success as there is a quality conscious group which is not much concerned about the prices but is more concerned to get a high quality and reputable service or product. The rest of people who use expensive brands are trying to participate in the battle of today’s capitalist society. Whichever group is being targeted, celebrity endorsement is a tool of capturing the attention of the consumers and which successfully builds the brand name. Brand names attract people and increase the consumption of such products which are high regarded in a particular region, culture or society. Hence we may say that advertisements involving celebrities are somehow important to build brand names

My Feeling as a Filipino Essay Example for Free

My Feeling as a Filipino Essay I am very proud to be a Filipino! From the centuries that passed, a lot of nations have admired the Filipino people, for being industrious, brave, talented, resourceful, these are only a few of the traits that a lot of other people and nations admired the Filipinos for. But although we have been complimented in many fields, none of us or only a handful of us are well known for it. We as a people never stop and think â€Å"what can I do for this country†. There have been notable personalities that have done this but a lot of us have always taken it for granted. One other notable Filipino trait is ingenuity; we have had a lot of inventors that have blossomed in the Philippines, one such inventor that is well known around the world is Agapito Flores, the inventor of the fluorescent light. This invention, should it have been recognized by the government would have been one of the best ways that we could have paid our national debt and would have increased the status of the Philippines as a nation, if it was manufactured here in the Philippines, but the government took it for granted. Another field that we really should have exceeded in is agriculture. A lot of the Asian countries have learned their agricultural knowledge from the Philippines, yet we keep importing these goods from them, one such country is Thailand; they are very proud to say that they learned their agricultural knowledge from the Philippines, one notable goods is the Thai Rice, that specific breed of rice was made in the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Los Banos, Laguna, yet we are the one importing that specific rice crop from that country to ours. So my question is †¦ Why is it that our government seems to be a reactive kind of government and not a proactive one? Why is it that the Filipino, as a people, seems to practice, what I call the â€Å"I† syndrome? Why is it that we put ourselves on top of everything else rather than a part of a nation? Why is it that other nations and or people recognize what we have and we don’t? Why is it that we turn a blind eye to the problems of our society? Why is it that we are so caught up with what â€Å"I† want and what â€Å"I† need that we fail to see what’s really happening to us as a nation? I AM PROUD TO BE A FILIPINO and I still believe that we can make it as a nation, but I’m afraid that if we don’t change our outlook of ourselves as a people, we will succeed as an individual but fail miserably as a nation.

The Death of Ivan Ilych by Leo Tolstoy Essay -- Ivan Ilych Death Dying

In life we often think about death and what our life has become. We never suspect that we will become ill and die, and we very rarely agonize over weather our life is what it should be until its too late, as demonstrated in Tolstoy's "The Death of Ivan Ilych." Throughout Tolstoy's life he was religious and enjoyed life, but then as he reached the height of his fame and fourteen he began to question everything he had once believed in. Some people think that "The Death of Ivan Ilych" holds a lot of symbolism between the story and Tolstoy's life. In "The Death of Ivan Ilych" there is a lot of symbolism of life and death as compared to Tolstoy's life. Ivan Ilych was a man of success. He set out to achieve his goals, and make his money. He married the women he loved and had two beautiful children, living the good life with money and accomplishment. He didn't have normal worries like most working class people did, he just did what he set out to do and succeeded at that. It is noted that "Ivan Ilych's life had been most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible." (Arp, 512) Until one day he became sick. For months he laid in bed in agonizing pain, and the doctors were left without agreeing knowledge on what he had. Close to the end of his life he began to wonder if his life was really what it should have been and whether or not he achieved all he was supposed to. He questioned death as if to ask "What is this? Can it be death?......Why these sufferings?"(Arp, 553) The reader is now left with the question did he die from physical pain or from mental anguish also? It could be said that when he was dealing with his impen ding death he went through five psychological stages. First he went through denial and ignored the fact that he might be dying. He ignored his pain until it got to bad to cure. Second he went through anger. He became angry at his condition and took it out on his family, friends and servants. Then he went through a short period of bargaining, when he took communion for his wife he thought to himself "To live! I want to live!" (Arp, 556) All he wanted was to live his life like he knew he should have. The fourth stage was depression. This is the period he went through right before he realized he was going to die. He felt that it would just be better if he died when he realized "Yes, I am making them wretched,' he thought. 'They are sorr... ...ndress uniform and went to the law courts." (Arp, 530-531) No one however, would know whether or not Ivan or the "Unknown Citizen" were hurt or gone because "Had anything been wrong, should certainly have heard." (Arp, 672) Not everyone is as observant to one persons needs as they should be. In the "Death of Ivan Ilych" the symbolism of death is very important. It shows that we should always look to the future and what we may become rather then the present and what we want at that moment. Will we turn out to be what we wanted to be, and live the fullest life possible. Its only up to us to decide that. Ivan Ilych was beginning to decide that when it was to late. In everyday life we take for granted that our values are sound and the projects and activities we take on are worth doing. We never take a "step back" to realize that maybe we are doing something good or that maybe we're not. We mainly concern ourselves with how we look in the end. That is something we should stop doing. We should follow the example of Ivan Ilych and make sure we live our lives to the fullest instead of realizing it when its to late. We should be like Tolstoy and realize that life is worth living.

Learning to Love the Bomb Essay

At first glance to the illiterate filmgoer this movie looks like an early 70’s lame attempt to show the ludicrous side of war. I was prepared from something slightly humorous and mildly entertaining. However, I was shocked to find that I was riveted to the storyline during the entire movie, absorbing so many symbolically charged characters and dialogues that I was practically transfixed while I worked out the meanings and messages that Stanley Kubric was slyly relaying to me through the medium of film. Kubric’s film, Dr. Strangelove: Or How I learned to Love the Bomb, is a black comedy with some very interesting messages about men, sexuality and war. Symbolism abounded in a variety of forms and was so cleverly disguised that it took several moments for the viewer to feel the full impact of Kubric’s message. Consider the opening scene, set to the background music of very sappy romance music we are introduced to two giant warplanes in the act of refueling during flight. The first impression is that of discord. War-time aircraft and romance music in a scene that lasts what seems likes five full minutes. The director prolongs the scene long enough for the audience to become suspicious of the underlying sexual symbolism of two planes mating before he cuts to his next immediately sexually charged scene of a perfect caricature of a US Army officer, with an enormous cigar protruding obscenely from his mouth. As the movie continues, so do the sexual innuendos. By the end of the movie Kubric’s message is clear, but it takes time to build us up before we reach complete realization of his purpose, which in itself is also interesting. The first compelling character that we are introduced to is the US Army General and his ever present cigar. The cigar is obviously a phallic symbol. It rises when the General is excited and droops lamely when the disappointment of his men overcomes him. He is an interesting character mainly because of his obsession with â€Å"bodily fluids† and what he feels to be the infiltration of his â€Å"pure essence†. This is the viewer’s first real clue to the ties between men, sexuality and war that Kubric is trying to relay. The General’s name is Jack D. Ripper. Taking his name from a sexual psychopathic was no mistake. Ripper is obsessed with the fact that he cannot ejaculate during sexual intercourse and tries to find the answer to this dilemma by blaming the Russians for fluoridating the American water supply. There are several interesting caricatures here beginning with the outward appearance of ultimate masculinity, that of an American Army General, his ever present cigar, and the enormous gun he pulls out as he starts shooting at the soldiers that are trying to save him. He is every inch a sexual psychopath. Ripper is more interesting when seen from the viewpoint that men and their obsessive sexual issues wreak havoc on the rest of the world. Ripper’s psychopathic behavior leads him to believe that he must take issues into his own hands and declare war on Russia, even if that means overriding the President of the United States. He is bound and determined to annihilate anyone who stands in the way of his sexual dysfunction. The General moves smoothly from blaming others, to repressing himself, right into violent repercussions for himself and everyone else. Closely connected to Jack D. Ripper is an English Officer in the US on an Officer Exchange Program. Although the caricature of the English Officer is humorous, his name, Mandrake, keeps us on Kubric’s path. Mandrake root is an herb that is often used in male impotence, for virility and as an aphrodisiac. This is interesting because of the interplay between Mandrake and Ripper. Straight-laced, foreign or different, and a bit feminine Mandrake is the complete opposite of Ripper. He also tries to console Ripper that his â€Å"bodily fluids† are perfectly normal and that he has no problem using them. Several times Ripper asks Mandrake to help him feed the enormous gun he is wielding about, and Mandrake’s response is quite feminine when he lays prostrate on the floor helplessly. The sexual symbols grow more numerous and less hidden as the movie progresses. We are introduced to the small group of men on the bomber who are sent to carry out the orders. The pilot in charge, Major Kong, plays an interesting role in delivering a different type of caricature of men. As opposed to Ripper who was psychopathic and sexually dysfunctional, Major Kong was the All-American cowboy. Honorable, naive, and not afraid to get the job done. There are several scenes in which the major tries to drop the bombs he is carrying and finds that they are stuck. Although his men cannot manage to solve the problem Major Kong leaves his post at the planes helm and goes to the underbelly of the plane to try to fix the wiring. He succeeds but when the bomb drops he is riding it, the bomb between his legs. This is the largest phallic symbol used in the movie and the considering the pilot’s name, Major Kong, it is no surprise. However, Kubric has the Major ride the bomb to its target where it then explodes in an enormous mushroom cloud. The explosion which is obviously symbolic of the finality of orgasm and the lunacy that drives men to achieve that end appears to be a recurrent theme. The male sex drive as connected to war is again driven home by Kubric. Moreover, he builds on this theme and gives us a basis for understanding with the characters and plotting that occurs in the War Room. It is here that we meet the President, whose sexually illicit name refers to sexual zones of a woman, and the very outspoken Buck Turgidson. The caricature of Buck is perfectly summed up in the meaning of his name. The term buck means stud while the word turgid means swollen. These two main characters do most of the talking in a very large room. The President mimics the attributes of his female name and is very submissive and feminine. His speech is whiny and apologetic on the phone and most of his arguing is with Buck. They argue across a large table and are so far away they practically have to yell to be heard. Buck only gets excited when he sees opportunities for destruction whereas the President is ready even to destroy his own bombers to keep the peace. The roles of these two characters are symbolic of the male versus female perspectives. Even the great distance across the room from which they speak contributes to the feeling that they are coming from different points of view. The female perspective of peace and harmony as opposed to the male perspective of domination. As a character study Buck portrays several attributes of male domination. He is always the first to speak, overbearing when he communicates, often rude and petty, always stuffing wads of gum into his mouth and smacking obscenely, and pouts like a toddler when he is asked to behave. He uses tactics to overpower the others by standing on his chair, glaring defiantly with those who disagree, and becoming physically violent to get his way if all other tactic fail. Of all the characters he is most desirous to carry out the war plans, for no other purpose than to win. The sexual innuendos associated with Buck relate to the only female in the movie who we meet briefly before he is called into the War Room. Kubric’s choice to make Buck’s love interest a secretary much younger than himself and who is always shown scantily clad in a bikini and high heels plays along with the typical male stereotype. At one point in the movie Buck receives a phone call from his mistress. He tries to assure her that he doesn’t want her for her body but â€Å"deeply respects her as a human being. † He then promises he’ll be back soon to â€Å"take care of her needs† shortly. Buck also was unable to have intercourse with his mistress before the meeting as he was busy going to the bathroom and then was called away. Kubric is mocking the male need to substitute sex for war. Another interesting aspect about the war room is the â€Å"Big Board† that is set up as the backdrop. It is an enormous map of Russia with the locations of all the bombers bleeping around the borders of the country. As the planes are all given the â€Å"go† code, the flashing lights start their course toward the border of Russia. The first plane to cross the border will then trigger the unwanted reaction of the Russians. This is very symbolic of the sperm’s racing to the egg. All the sperm racing to be the first to invade the egg. One of the last characters introduced is Dr. Strangelove. Although he has little do in the movie his symbolic presentations are really Kubric’s underlying message. Firstly, the name Strangelove is an accurate portrayal of what’s been happening in the movie from the beginning. This strangeness or perversion of love is the essence of Kubric’s theme. Dr. Strangelove himself has several symbolic issues as a character. Firstly is his inability to keep his arm from involuntarily saluting Hitler. Second is his sudden cure from immobility from his wheelchair when he stands erect from so much excitement. Although both of these acts are sexually symbolic, the cause for the excitement is the revelation. As the men sit in the War Room they discuss the possibilities and repercussions of nuclear war with Russia. Dr. Strangelove suggests taking a small community of people and living in underground mines. This prospect doesn’t seem appealing until he mentions that in order to recreate all the lives lost from the devastation of nuclear war each man will need to have ten female partners. The discussion becomes lively and animated as the men imagine the possibilities and then start to designate appealing sexual attributes the women must possess. Suddenly the immanent doom that awaits them with the total annihilation of the planet doesn’t look so bad with a 10:1 ratio of women to men, and they find themselves looking forward to doomsday after all. It seems as though Kubric is trying to portray the fact that men use extreme situations such as war and total destruction as a tool to open up doors to consider sexual fantasies that would otherwise be taboo. Kubric’s mockery of this attitude relays his thinking that this is the most ludicrous thinking of all, and suddenly the title makes perfect sense. The movie ends with orgasmic explosion after explosion of hydrogen bombs, just as it began with the foreplay of warplanes. Stanley Kubric’s insight and opinion about the relationship of sexual obsessions, power and war were shrewdly masked in the symbolism that abounded everywhere in the film, but even to the untrained eye his message came through loud and clear. REFERENCES Dr Strangelove or: How I learned to Love the Bomb. Dir. Stanley Kubric. 1964.

Colorism: Black People and African American Culture Essay

Colorism is a type of discrimination in which humans of the same race are treated or treat each other differently because of the social connotations that have been attached to shade of their skin. It exists in almost every race, but it is most predominant in the African American culture within the borders of The United States. Colorism in the United States is rooted back to slavery and ever since then it has corrupted the minds of the black community. Colorism between African Americans was no mistake; it was done purposefully to divide the African slave population to make them easier to control. A man by the name of Willie Lynch gave a speech in Virginia 1712 about how to control slaves. In this speech he stated, â€Å"I use fear, distrust, and envy for control purposes. These methods have worked on my modest plantation in the West Indies, and it will work throughout the South. Take this simple little test of differences and think about them. On the top of my list is ‘Age’, but it is there because it only starts with an ‘A’; the second is ‘Color’ or shade; there is intelligence, size, sex, size of plantations, attitude of owners, whether the slaves live in the valley, on a hill, East, West, North, South, have fine or coarse hair, or is tall or short. Now that you have a list of differences, I shall give you an outline of action–but before that, I shall assure you that distrust is stronger than trust, and envy is stronger than adulation, respect, or admiration. † Willie Lynch was a smart man with a very insidious agenda that he flawlessly completed. He knew the power of distrust, he knew how to use it to his advantage, and he knew that all he had to do was plant the seed in to the minds of the slaves and it would grow and blossom all on its own and live for many years to come. From his speech stems the terms â€Å"light skinned†, â€Å"dark skinned† and â€Å"good hair†. African American culture even today, three hundred years after this speech was given, is still being led to believe that having lighter skin in some way makes you a better than someone who has slightly darker skin. From the land that holds the famous motto â€Å"All men are created equal† oddly is the same place where people of the same race discriminate against their own people. In â€Å"The Color Complex† by Midge Wilson, she tackles the issue by tracking down the birthplace of colorism, â€Å"To trace the origins of the color complex, we must return to the year 1607 when three ships sailed in Chesapeake Bay, stopping at Jamestown, Virginia, to establish the first English colony in the New World. . . . What might have been unthinkable in Europe and Africa was an everyday occurrence in the wilderness. Miscegenation, or race mixing, became widespread as Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans mixed their seed and substance to produce a kaleidoscope of skin tones and features. But these primary race groupings differed sharply in their civil liberties and political freedoms. Subtle variations in appearance took on enormous consequences in meaning, especially among Negros,† (Wilson, pg. 9). The black community has let this issue open the doors for so much ignorance for hundreds of years. The effects of this have seeped into some of the most important organizations that delineate the black community, such as the NAACP, Jack and Jill, and renowned black Sororities and Fraternities.

Graphics in Business Writing, Technical Communication

Graphics in Business Writing, Technical Communication In business writing and technical communication, graphics are used as  visual representations to support the text in a report, proposal, set of instructions, or similar documents. Types of graphics include charts, diagrams, drawings, figures, graphs, maps, photographs, and tables. Etymology:  From the Greek, writing Successful visuals integrate substance, statistics, and design to achieve four principles: clarity, precision, efficiency, and integrity. The best visuals give the viewer the greatest number of ideas as quickly as possible in the least amount of space.(John M. Penrose, Robert W. Rasberry, and Robert J. Myers, Business Communication for Managers: An Advanced Approach, 5th ed. Thomson, 2004) Criteria for Effective Graphics Whether hand drawn or computer generated, successful tables and figures have these characteristics (From Sharon Gerson and Steven Gerson, Technical Writing: Process and Product, 5th ed. Pearson, 2006): Are integrated with the text (i.e., the graphic complements the text; the text explains the graphic).Are appropriately located (preferably immediately following the text referring to the graphic and not a page or pages later).Add to the material explained in the text (without being redundant).Communicate important information that could not be conveyed easily in a paragraph or longer text.Do not contain details that detract from rather than enhance the information.Are an effective size (not too small or too large).Are neatly printed to be readable.Are correctly labeled (with legends, headings, and titles).Follow the style of other figures or tables in the text.Are well conceived and carefully executed. Benefits of Graphics Graphics offer benefits that words alone cannot: Graphics are indispensable in demonstrating logical and numerical relationships[. . .]Graphics can communicate spatial information more effectively than words alone.Graphics can communicate steps in a process more effectively than words alone[. . .]Graphics can save space[. . .]Graphics can reduce the cost of documents intended for international readers. . . . As you plan and draft your document, look for opportunities to use graphics to clarify, emphasize, and organize information.(Mike Markel, Technical Communication, 9th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2010) Also Known As: visual aids, visuals

A Definition of Meristematic Tissue in Plant Biology

A Definition of Meristematic Tissue in Plant Biology In plant biology, the term meristematic tissue refers to the living tissues containing undifferentiated cells that are the building blocks of all specialized plant structures. The zone where these cells exist is known as the meristem. This zone contains the cells that actively divide and create specialized structures such as the cambium layer, the buds of leaves and flowers, and the tips of roots and shoots. In essence, the cells within the meristematic tissues are what allow a plant to increase its length and girth.   Meaning of the Term The term  meristem  was coined in  1858 by  Karl Wilhelm von Ngeli  (1817 to 1891) in a book called Contributions to Scientific Botany. The term is adapted from the Greek word  merizein, meaning to divide, a reference to the function of the cells in the meristematic tissue. Characteristics of Meristematic Plant Tissue The cells within the meristem have some unique characteristics: Cells within the meristematic tissues are self-renewing, so that each time they divide, one cell remains identical to the parent while the other can specialize and become part of another plant structure. The meristematic tissue is therefore self-sustaining.  While other plant tissues can be made of both living and dead cells, the meristematic cells are all living and contain a large ratio of dense liquid.When a plant is injured, it is the undifferentiated meristematic cells that are responsible for healing the wounds through the process of becoming specialized.   Types of Meristematic Tissue There are three types of meristematic tissues, categorized according to where they appear in the plant:  apical  (at the tips),  intercalary  (at the middle), and  lateral  (at the sides). The apical meristematic tissues are also known as primary meristematic tissues, because these are what form the main body of the plant, allowing for vertical growth of stems, shoots, and roots.  The primary meristem is what sends a plants shoots reaching for the sky and the roots burrowing into the soil.   Lateral meristems are known as secondary meristematic tissues because they are what is responsible for an increase in girth. The secondary meristematic tissue is what increases the diameter of tree trunks and branches, as well as the tissue that forms bark.   Intercalary meristems occur only in plants that are monocots, a group that includes the grasses and bamboos. Intercalary tissues located at the nodes of these plants allow the stems to regrow. It is intercalary tissue that causes grass leaves to grow back so quickly after being mowed or grazed.  Ã‚   Meristematic Tissue and Galls Galls are abnormal growths occurring on the leaves, twigs, or branches of trees and other plants. They usually occur when any one of about 1500 species of insects and mites interact with meristematic tissues.   Gall-making insects oviposit (lay their eggs) or  feed on the meristematic tissues of  host plants at critical moments.  A gall-making wasp, for example, may lay eggs in plant tissues just as leaves are opening or shoots are lengthening. By interacting with the plants meristematic tissue, the insect takes advantage of a period of active cell division to initiate the formation of a gall. The walls of the gall structure are very strong, providing protection for the larvae feeding on plant tissues within. Galls can also be caused by bacteria or viruses infecting the meristematic tissues.  Galls may be unsightly, even disfiguring, on stems and leaves of plants, but they rarely kill the plant.

The 31 Best Books to Read in High School

The 31 Best Books to Read in High School SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips A huge number of books exist out there, ready and waiting for you to read them. Whether you prefer manga or ancient, epic poems, reading is great for all sorts of reasons. What follows is a list of highly beneficial books to read in high school (or after!). These are remarkable books- books that made history, books that challenge societal perceptions of the world, and books that are quite simply interesting and moving. The books are presented in alphabetical order, and a short description is given for each book, as well an explanation of why it is worth reading. Why Is Reading Important? Why should you read these books? Why should you read at all for that matter? Reading is essential to communication, especially in an era of emails and texting. Beyond even that, though, reading has an array of crucial purposes. It will help improve your grades and test scores. You'll learn about other places, other times, and other cultures. You'll encounter issues you can relate to- issues that speak to you and challenge you to think and feel in new ways. You will grow, empathetically and intellectually. Plus, you'll understand more of the references that crop up all the time in pop culture. Below are 31 books to read in high school that will help you prepare for college and beyond. 1984 (George Orwell) This dystopian novel by George Orwell was written 35 years before the date referenced by the title. In this book, Orwell tells a story that warns readers about the possible consequences of complacency in the face of rising dictators (think Hitler and Stalin) and burgeoning technology ripe for misuse. He describes a world where everything is monitored, right down to citizens’ thoughts, and where any opposition to the ruling class is punishable by extreme measures. The oft-encountered quote, "Big Brother is watching," finds its origin in this novel. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Mark Twain) This sequel to Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is much graver in nature than its predecessor. There are still plenty of good antics worthy of a laugh, but it concerns itself largely with a young boy’s attempt to escape severe family dysfunction and the moral implications of his taking an escaped slave as a companion on his adventure down the Mississippi River. Readers should be warned that the "n-word" is used liberally throughout the novel, which tends to be jarring to many a modern ear. Mark Twain wants you to read his novel(s). The Awakening (Kate Chopin) Set in the Creole culture of the late 1800s, this novel by Kate Chopin details one woman’s process of becoming aware of herself. At the time, women were essentially property, and they were expected to act in demure and socially acceptable ways. As the protagonist "awakens" to her emotional and sexual needs, as well as the ultimate truth of her own independence, all sorts of problems ensue. The novel examines the balance between self-respect and selfishness. The Bell Jar (Sylvia Plath) This autobiographical novel by poet Sylvia Plath explores the deep, dark reality of mental illness. The protagonist, Esther, a stand-in for Plath herself, is a college student exploring her talents, interests, and sexuality as she descends into an unsettling spiral of mental instability. It is essential for students to understand the seriousness of mental illness as it is so earnestly portrayed in this book. Black Rain (Masuji Ibuse) Black Rain, by Masuji Ibuse, is about the very immediate, human consequences of the atom bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It follows a small family of survivors, detailing what happened to them during the days of the bombing and what the effects are some years later. The book adopts a gentle, subtle tone, and yet it is not afraid to delve into very explicit and challenging topics related to the bombings. Bless Me, Ultima (Rudolfo Anaya) This semi-autobiographical novel by Rudolfo Anaya contains a healthy dose of magical realism and is considered a staple of Chicano literature. It combines Spanish, Mexican, and Native American influences, showing openly the ways in which these forces within the protagonist’s life come into conflict. Young Antonio is growing up in a world that leaves him with more questions than answers: major questions about life and death, good and evil, and so on. These issues seem too big for his six-year-old mind, and yet he grapples with them valiantly through the end of the novel. Antonio has lots of questions surrounding his faith traditions. Brave New World (Aldous Huxley) In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley explores themes similar to those found in Orwell’s 1984. Huxley wrote this novel earlier than Orwell wrote his, and yet both deal with dystopian concepts. In particular, Huxley balances utopian and dystopian interpretations of a world that is highly controlled, easily manipulated, and extremely dysfunctional, ready to fall apart at any provocation. There are insiders of and outsiders to this world, and each character views and interacts with the society in a different light. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (Dee Brown) Dee Brown covers a lot of historical ground in this book. In it, Brown describes the history of European Americans as they interact with (and slaughter) the Native Americans who already inhabit what they claim as their country. It’s an infuriating and accurate tale of mistreatments and abuses, as well as the unfortunate decline of a noble people trying to defend their established way of life. It’s essential for students to understand this part of United States history. The Catcher in the Rye (J. D. Salinger) This bold and controversial novel by J. D. Salinger centers around ideas including adolescent sexuality and relationships. The protagonist is constantly bouncing around from person to person, place to place, activity to activity. Critics were greatly offended by Salinger’s frank discussions of sexual matters and his generally very casual style. This book is an important read in part because of its direct relevance to struggling adolescents and the issues they face. The Crucible (Arthur Miller) Arthur Miller wrote this tragic play in the early 1950s. While it is somewhat loosely based on the Salem witch trials of 1692, and while it is likely intended as an allegory to McCarthy’s rooting out of suspected Communists at the time of the play’s writing, the issues it touches on are much more broadly applicable. This is an important dramatic work on how hysteria, cruelty, and ignorant gullibility destroy communities. Bonus: Studying The Crucible for school and struggling? Check out ourThe Crucible study guides here! There are lots of accusations of creepy stuff in The Crucible. The Diary of a Young Girl (Anne Frank) Anne Frank’s published diary is different from a typical literary work. It’s a true account of the life of one Jewish girl during the Holocaust, and, while Anne Frank wrote some passages with publication in mind, others she did not. When the book was first published, many passages that her father, Otto Frank, found too long, unflattering, or inappropriate were excluded. Today, the book is available with all material included. Gaining some understanding of this horrific genocide is crucial to students. Fahrenheit 451 (Ray Bradbury) Books are on trial in this astounding work by Ray Bradbury. Set in yet another dystopian future where firemen are employed to burn books and the houses that contain them, Fahrenheit 451 tells the story of a fireman who begins to wonder what books have to offer. This novel is an ode to literacy, and, while it has its tragic moments, it ultimately leaves readers with a message of hope. Flowers for Algernon (Daniel Keyes) Daniel Keyes writes a very warm and human form of science fiction in Flowers for Algernon. The novel tells the story of a man considered mentally retarded who is selected for an intelligence-enhancing surgery. The book follows the effects, both positive and negative, that come from the sudden change in his I.Q. This is a moving read for students who wish to understand how intelligence plays into our humanity. For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow is Enuf (Ntozake Shange) In For Colored Girls†¦, Ntozake Shange creates choreopoetry (poetry meant to be performed with movement and dance) that covers important themes of race, gender, abuse, and perseverance. It’s largely a deep and dark poem, but it contains a message of hope. This is an awesome opportunity for readers to get exposure to poetry in a very relevant and theatrical form. The rainbow contains all sorts of symbolism. Frankenstein (Mary Shelley) First off, let’s all be clear: as some will already know, Frankenstein is not a monster. Rather, the very human Victor Frankenstein is responsible for creating what we recognize as the monster from the story; the creature itself is nameless. Mary Shelley wrote this Gothic thriller in the early 1800s, and yet we remain fascinated by this tale of playing God and facing the consequences. It’s an eerie tale with themes that run deep. The Grapes of Wrath (John Steinbeck) John Steinbeck’s masterful The Grapes of Wrath centers around the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl in American history. It’s a story of hope and despair, moving from one to the other and back again seamlessly throughout the novel. While loaded with biblical allusions, it is not heavy-handed with them, and the writing is often praised as realistic and beautiful. Great Expectations (Charles Dickens) Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a staple of English literature. It’s one of his most autobiographical works; it tells the story of a young boy, orphaned and poor, who ultimately experiences a drastic change in his fortunes. In addition, he learns much about love, trust, and relationships in this coming-of-age novel. As the title suggests, the novel also contains discussions of hope, disappointment, and expectations. The Great Gatbsy (F. Scott Fitzgerald) F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote in The Great Gatsby a novel that in many ways closely reflected his own experience. The decadence of the Jazz Age was, as is revealed in the novel, both enticing for many and revolting for some. The Great Gatsby follows the quest of a wealthy young man to win back the love of his life by extravagant displays of riches and social connections. As the plot builds to its climax, readers, along with Gatsby's simpler, humbler friend and neighbor, are left to ponder the passing of an era in American history. BONUS: Reading The Great Gatsby for school but finding it hard to keep track of all the characters? We have several study guides that might be able to help, including our guide to all the characters in The Great Gatsby. The Joy Luck Club (Amy Tan) Amy Tan’s novel, The Joy Luck Club, deals with intergenerational and intercultural questions. Tan seeks to represent the Chinese-American experience while also representing issues of mother-daughter relationships and the passage of time. The book focuses on four mother and four daughters across four sections of the novel for a total of sixteen stories that come together to complete this total work. Lord of the Flies (William Golding) William Golding’s Lord of the Flies speaks to the evil and degenerate potential that lurks within each human. It can be interpreted religiously, politically, psychoanalytically, or any number of other ways, but the basic premise is that a group of schoolboys stranded on an island descend into grotesque savagery. It’s a disturbing story, to be sure, but one that is important to be familiar with in a world where savage instinct too often presents itself today. The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit (J. R. R. Tolkien) As with any work, The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit are not everyone’s cup of tea, but they’re hugely rewarding pleasure reading for too many fans to count. Tolkien’s masterpieces are more than just pleasure reading, though; the trilogy covers major themes of the epic struggle between good and evil, the necessity of persevering through immensely difficult ordeals, and how to apply mercy. Tolkien asks major questions about those who are evil versus those who are misguided and what we should do when our paths intertwine with any such individuals. The Hobbit is lighter and more kid-focused, but still addresses important themes. The Odyssey (Homer) The Odyssey is an epic poem nearly three thousand years old that’s attributed to the blind poet Homer. It tells the story of a war hero’s ten-year quest to return to his home, wife, and son. He encounters a number of varied setbacks along the way, and the trouble isn’t over when he gets home. The Odyssey deals with human interactions with the gods, bringing up questions of righteousness, wrongdoing, and pride as well as ideas of faithfulness and patience. Odysseus was a fan of the ladies. Oedipus Rex (Sophocles) This play by Greek dramatist Sophocles is about a man who inadvertently kills his father and marries his mother. It’s dark subject matter, and nothing good comes of it, as you may well suspect. This another example, as in The Odyssey, of the divine tinkering with human lives and the great sin of pride. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (Ken Kesey) Ken Kesey documents in this work the darkest side of mental health care as it existed in the 1960s. While certainly not all mental health care was like what’s described in the book, nor is it all like that today, audiences of the novel are aghast that any care might even vaguely resemble the horrors discussed. Despite how disturbing the storyline is, it’s important for readers to recognize the vulnerability of this too often overlooked segment of society. Pride and Prejudice (Jane Austen) Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice follows a family with five daughters, all unwed, and all, due to English customs of the late 1700s and early 1800s, in need of wedding. Of the five daughters, Elizabeth is the focus of the novel, though the others are discussed aplenty. While marriage is one of the central ideas in the novel, there are plenty of other themes to be picked apart, including ones that touch on pride, prejudice, first impressions, love, misunderstanding, and manipulation. This is, all around, a classic piece of literature, and one with which to be familiar. Next up: one of my favorites, William Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet or Hamlet (William Shakespeare) William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is familiar to most people on some level: two teenagers from feuding families fall in love and ultimately sacrifice their lives to their passion. Of all of Shakespeare’s works, it's a particularly popular one to read in high school for a variety of reasons. For one thing, it deals explicitly with teenaged love, and, for another, it’s a relatively simple plot that’s nonetheless action-packed. It also opens with a shameless series of very witty dirty jokes, and such humor is scattered throughout the rest of the show. Then there’s the thematic material, which includes obedience, fate, and rash decisions, among others. For those who don’t wish to read about teenagers mooning for each other to the point of suicide, there’s always Hamlet. This story follows a Danish prince whose father has died and whose mother has almost instantly married the father’s brother. When Hamlet discovers, via an appearance of his father’s ghost, that his uncle murdered his father, all sorts of interesting events ensue. There’s madness (real and feigned), murder, suicide, treason, and a lot of waffling over the right course of action. As an added bonus, those who read Hamlet may wish to read Tom Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. It follows the events of Hamlet from the perspective of two minor and typically much-maligned characters. It’s also hilarious, if absolutely weird. Slaughterhouse-Five (Kurt Vonnegut) Slaughterhouse-Five is a fictional account of events in some ways very similar to what the author himself experienced as a prisoner of war in WWII. He writes about the atrocities humans commit upon each other, and he also mixes in a number of other concerns, some heavy, some light, such as death, aliens, and the ability to see other points in time, past or future. Their Eyes Were Watching God (Zora Neale Hurston) The novel Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston has been much criticized over the course of its history, and yet it stands as one of the great classics of American literature. It tells the story of a black woman who is full of zest and passion and who is passed from man to man as she goes through life. With her first husband, she is absolutely miserable; with her second husband, it’s more bearable, for a time; and with her third man, she finds happiness. The trials and tribulations she undergoes with all three make for an interesting examination of what it takes for Janie to free the strong, confident woman within. (Not an actual representation of Janie. Same approach to life, though.) Things Fall Apart (Chinua Achebe) In Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, readers encounter a complex and beautifully rendered examination of life with the Igbo tribe in Africa, both before and after the white man’s interference. Okonkwo is the protagonist, and he goes through a number of difficulties that put him in the position of making distasteful decisions. Readers are left to wonder whether things are falling apart because that’s simply the way of the world or whether different decisions could have kept them together. The inevitability of change is neatly demonstrated. To Kill A Mockingbird (Harper Lee) Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird deals with elements of racism, courage, sympathy, understanding, and hope. It tells the story of a small town where a black man has been falsely accused of raping a white woman. The daughter of the lawyer defending the accused is the main protagonist, and another aspect of the story is her journey from bemused mockery to gentle understanding with regard to an eccentric man in the town. To Kill a Mockingbird rose to prominence during the Civil Rights Movement and remains as potent today as it ever was. The Ugly American (Eugene Burdick and William Lederer) The Ugly American by Burdick and Lederer is a denouncement of the American practice of sending insensitive diplomatic figures into foreign countries. Through a series of vignettes, it demonstrates American inefficiency overseas. It so impressed John F. Kennedy while he was a Democratic senator that he sent a copy to each and every one of his Senate colleagues. It can be an uncomfortable read, but a worthwhile one. Conclusion If you can read through these 30-odd books before you graduate high school, you'll be in a good shape, from a literary perspective. Even if you can't read all of them, picking a few would not be a bad place to start. You might start with those that simply sound the most interesting to you, or you could look for themes in the books that relate to what you're learning in school. If you're studying McCarthyism, for instance, maybe try The Crucible; if you're studying the Holocaust, maybe try The Diary of a Young Girl. These stories are immensely powerful. Some are newer, having instantly won their place in the pantheon of classics, while others have proven themselves by withstanding the test of time. Readers will find that they resonate with some books more than others, and that's fine; the point is that all of these books have important messages to communicate, and I encourage readers to be open to finding out what those messages are. Open a book, and you'll find all sorts of messages! Usually not in bottles, though. What's Next? A lot of these books may be read or referenced in AP English Lit classes. Check out our guide to AP Literature for tips on preparing for the exam. If you're not sure whether to take AP English Language or AP English Literature, allow us to provide you with some thoughts on the topic. While we're on the topic of literature, why don't you take a moment to read some recommendations on which English classes you should take during your high school career? Are you both a reader and interested in becoming a doctor? Then you should definitely take a look at our list of books to read as a pre-med student. And as a reminder, if you decide to read The Great Gatsby or The Crucible, you can check out our analyses of each to help you along the way! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Stagnation of Manufacturing Productivity in the United States Research Paper

Stagnation of Manufacturing Productivity in the United States - Research Paper Example Unites states is considered to be one among the top ranking nations when it comes to Manufacturing Productivity. (Dept of Commerce, 2004). The citizens involved in the manufacturing production activities are considered to be the backbone of the American Economy to achieve a huge growth rate. An overall economic development can be achieved by good manufacturing productivity. Manufacturing productions are the major aspect of inventing and deploying the various technological trends, providing jobs to the numerous citizens of all ranges, and the developers usually end up investing a huge amount of resources in the economy depending on the market trends in the manufacturing sector thus forming the essential part of economic development aspects.International trade can be always the major factor for the progress of the global economy, and to overcome the extreme competitiveness the armaments utilized are manufactured goods. But the new technology trends involved with globalization have mani folds expanded the scope of competitiveness by demanding a high rate of production to be the end result of minimized resources. The following have been quoted by (Kevin L. Kearns and Alan Tonelson, 2003) as the reasons for stagnation in the manufacturing economy.The manufactured goods had not brought the expected profits to the nation as there was a lack of opening in the market. This did not consume the required goods in the apt amounts of productions thus bringing in huge losses to the manufacturing economy.... Kearns and Alan Tonelson, 2003) as the reasons for stagnation in the manufacturing economy. Inefficiency in introducing foreign consumption markets. The manufactured goods had not brought the expected profits to the nation as there was a lack of opening in the market. This did not consume the required goods in the apt amounts of productions thus bringing in huge losses to the manufacturing economy. Inability to meet the requirements of the home market. The required materials where not produced at the right time to the home market. As the manufacturers were short of the basic resources to produce goods with innovation it affected the home market drastically. Difficulty in managing the imbalances arising due to international debts. As the manufacturing economy was in running in losses due to lack of proper production of goods in demand; the amount of debts increased. These debts created huge imbalances at the international level. Downturn in the employment base. As the manufacturing units ran into losses; the inefficiency of providing proper wages and retaining the workers increased manifolds. This on a large scale affected the overall employment base of the entire nation. Manufacturing crisis leading to a dependable maintenance of world- leading military. The necessity to be the universal power had always demanded for high-tech military armaments. The secure military base was built by gathering the diverse technologies from the long-term allies. The dependency to gather technology from various other nations has also become a major factor. Threat to the industrial base due to an extreme loss in tax revenues. As the domestic taxes increased the economy had some manufactures losing their production activities in the market. This indeed has brought a

Should it be a crime to download copyrighted music from the Internet Essay - 1

Should it be a crime to download copyrighted music from the Internet - Essay Example This has prompted the introduction of various laws and regulations in most parts of the world in regard to protection of copyrighted properties such as music and other downloadable files over the internet. In this light, the regulations regarding this protection restricts the general public and any other entity from freely accessing the files and only through seeking permission can an individual get access to them. This has been a source of public outpourings with a majority of the people seeking to stop the restrictions which come with illegality for anyone trying to break the set laws. In regard to my opinion, it is my assertion that personal properties such as music and other downloadable files should be protected and thus it should be illegal to download copyrighted music from the Internet. According to one of the surveys carried out by the popular website Debate.org regarding the issue of whether downloading copyrighted music should be made illegal, a majority of the public (54 percent) held their opinion that they did not really think that was justified (making downloading illegal). To most, downloading the music freely from the internet did affect the music owners or their labels in any big way since most of their money was generated through avenues such as concerts, promotions, brands and cloth lines among others (Debate.Org, 2015). In another study carried out as documented by Stein and Evans (100), downloading the copyrighted music from the Internet has been largely attributed to the young people who are convinced that the CDs that are sold with this music are overpriced and thus will find not guilty when downloading these music from these sources. In this cases, it is evident that most of the public harbour the opinion that they are justified to downloading copyrighted music from the Internet, and thus this practice should not be illegal at all. As seen in the earlier argument about the downloading of copyrighted

Independent research into retailing of (lace wigs) Lacehairwigs.co.uk Essay

Independent research into retailing of (lace wigs) Lacehairwigs.co.uk - Essay Example They have earned the reputation of been more realistic looking and less detectable. To attach the wig to wearer, they are glued to the head scalp and are long lasting. They are resistant to various climatic conditions thus the wearer can swim, shower as well as engage in other activities without causing damage to the wig. Although the lace wig may seem a new idea, it has existed for a very long time now. It was first invented in France by Leguet in the early 19th century (Institute of Textile Technology, 1994). However the patent rights holder of the lace wig is Telier who, after long court battles with other wig creators, won the patents rights custody. Some cultures have embraced wigs so as to protect bald heads from the ultra violet rays of the sun. The European counties embraced a different approach in dealing with wigs. Wigs were worn simply to boost people’s status in the society. In some contemporary societies, wigs are worn as a symbol of respect and mainly found on official proceedings like court cases (Lhboutique, 2010). The lace wigs have been in use for quite a long period now. They have been used by the health practitioners, artists in the entertainment industry, kings, the young as well as the elderly. They have been used for various reasons like health problems, ornamental and others just for fun. In the past the lace wig was mainly worn for prestige as it was expensive thus could not be afforded from the low income earners. The lace wigs have also been worn by people for criminal reasons as the wig creates a new look for the wearer. In the contemporary society, wigs are worn by a range of people all with different motives which range from ornamental to criminal activities. The modern man has resorted to wearing wigs, and in particular the lace wig, instead of natural hair for various reasons. One of the reasons for doing this is health problems especially among cancer patients. Cancer treatment through chemotherapy and radiotherapy

Law Enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law Enforcement - Essay Example There were no payments or training done to these â€Å"drafted† officers. Under these circumstances, the system lacked motivation and eventually lost focus towards administering the very important duty enforcing the law. As a result, policing became more of a reactive event. As the momentum of industrialisation and urbanization increased, new challenges with increased crime forced a radical shift in community policing, thus the beginning of struggles to professionalize the police force with more proactive measures to law enforcement. The 1800’s witnessed the adoption of new technologies with better response times and faster communications. At the dawn of the 20th century, law enforcement had attached within its system more advanced methodological dynamics that incorporated the cooperation of the police agencies with the communities that characterize more of a service attitude never experienced at the beginning. Indeed, police agencies in the United States have evolved to become a highly organized group that strives not only to prevent crime but also serves to preserve citizen’s rights and adhere at all times to maintain professionalism. Under their colonial masters, the police system was in the hands of the sheriff, the constable and the watch. Appointed by the Governor of the colony, county sheriff was the most important law enforcement officer especially in the rural set ups that characterized many areas then. This officer was paid in terms of tasks performed. His duties included collecting taxes, apprehending criminals, appearing in court proceedings and serving subpoenas. Much of their duties concentrated in collecting taxes and so apprehending criminals oftentimes fell in the periphery. In cities, constables and night watch performed more or less the same tasks but with added responsibilities such as reporting fires and eliminating health hazards. As stated above, the activities of these officers were reactive in

Merger Dilemma Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Merger Dilemma - Assignment Example One of the challenges that face merging business is conflict among employees. This is usually caused by differing cultures of the merged organizations. One effective strategy to manage organizational conflicts after merging includes involving employees in conflict management by asking them to give suggestion on how the conflicts can be solved. This will make them feel less insecure during the merging process. The other method includes addressing the conflicts as they occur. The strategy will prevent conflicts from becoming worse. The organizations can also prevent the conflicts by asking employees to state their concerns. In addition, defining acceptable behaviors and employees roles before the merging process will prevent conflicts because it will help them know what the organization expects of them. Employees stress level can be reduced through various morale boosting strategies. Employees and management team experience more stress when their level of motivation reduces. One of the methods to reduce their stress levels includes motivating them by introducing an effective recognition system. For instance, promoting them based on their performances will help in reducing their stress levels. In addition, creating a win-win situation by allowing employees to participate in decision making processes will also reduce their levels of anxiety. Stress can increase if some employees feel left out after the

Chapter 12 question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 12 question - Essay Example al include sources from accrued profits which are retained and reinvested in the business and lastly spontaneous financing which increase as the business’s sales increase. In a nutshell the total sources of financing are equal to the total asset requirements. The formula AFN = (Ao*/So)(∆S) -(Lo*/So)(∆S) - MS1(1 - POR) means Additional Funds Needed equals required increase in assets less spontaneous increase in liabilities and increase in retained earnings. The assumptions when using the additional funds needed equation include the assumption that the business was operating at a full capacity in the year, the assets to sales ratios remain the same, spontaneous to sales ratios remains the same and the profit margin is unchanged. The assumptions may sometimes not be true because a business may make large amounts of earnings in profits or dividends but still lack the cash to invest; profit and cash are not the same. In addition the calculation of profit in this case is only considering the fixed operating costs and not the variable operating expenses which change proportionally with the sales. This is the maximum rate of growth a firm can achieve without accessing external capital. It is influenced by business’s capital intensity ratio; in this case the more assets a firm needs to achieve high sales level, the lower the rate of its sustainable growth. Self supporting growth rate is related to AFN formulae because the higher the AFN the higher the lower the self supporting growth rate. It will result in the zero (0) when used in the AFN equation. = $200,000 the additional funds needed for the coming years is two hundred thousand dollars. The AFN is different from the previous questions because the company has high internal source of funds unshared resulting in high level of retained earnings hence reducing the amount of AFN. Assets/Sales (A*/S) = $1,200,000/$2,500,000 = 48%. While L*/Sales = $375,000/$2,500,000 = 15%, therefore, AFN = (A*/S) (∆S) -

Merger Dilemma Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Merger Dilemma - Assignment Example One of the challenges that face merging business is conflict among employees. This is usually caused by differing cultures of the merged organizations. One effective strategy to manage organizational conflicts after merging includes involving employees in conflict management by asking them to give suggestion on how the conflicts can be solved. This will make them feel less insecure during the merging process. The other method includes addressing the conflicts as they occur. The strategy will prevent conflicts from becoming worse. The organizations can also prevent the conflicts by asking employees to state their concerns. In addition, defining acceptable behaviors and employees roles before the merging process will prevent conflicts because it will help them know what the organization expects of them. Employees stress level can be reduced through various morale boosting strategies. Employees and management team experience more stress when their level of motivation reduces. One of the methods to reduce their stress levels includes motivating them by introducing an effective recognition system. For instance, promoting them based on their performances will help in reducing their stress levels. In addition, creating a win-win situation by allowing employees to participate in decision making processes will also reduce their levels of anxiety. Stress can increase if some employees feel left out after the

Compare and contrast Romanesque architecture and Gothic Essay

Compare and contrast Romanesque architecture and Gothic architecture.What traits did each illustrate and how did one transition - Essay Example Gothic architecture on the other hand relates to the kind of building design that tries to transcend beyond the human imagination. Romanesque architecture was a style of architecture that was simplistic in nature, while the Gothic architecture was more complex when compared to the Romanesque style of arcitecture. Thus, Romanesque architecture was primitive, while the Gothic architecture was more modern relative to the Romanesque architecture. Though the degree varied, Romanesque and Gothic architecture were both based on the conviction that the union with the celestial is achieved through insight. Romanesque architecture is a style that shows more interest in the things of the past than Gothic architecture. Romanesque architecture and Gothic architecture were two styles of building design that there was a prevalence of imagination over formal rules and reason. In terms of flamboyance, Gothic architecture is more flamboyant than the Romanesque architecture and it is due to this that G othic architecture is considered as one of the most exceptional artistic era in Europe’s history (Bishop). One style that is common to the Romanesque and Gothic architecture is the construction of westworks, which were archetypes of Gothic and Romanesque cathedral porticoes.

Physical Activity and Education Standards Essay Example for Free

Physical Activity and Education Standards Essay It is a matter of fact that with the increased accent on academic education, physical exercise programs are declining in public and private schools. Nowadays there are minimal opportunities for students to lead active life during school time. It was reported that the number of students who attend physical training every day had decreased to 29 percent in 1999 compared with 42% in 1990. It is possible to maintain ideal body weight and health due to physical education classes. Students must receive at least an hour of physical training daily. Such process should involve vigorous activity during 10-15 minutes daily. It is apparent that sport is available in public schools, although not all children like to attend these classes. (National Standards) It is necessary to design such physical activity for students which will firstly meet required standards and secondly arouse interest among children. The most interesting and exciting activity is school sports competitions, because they involve many kinds of physical activity and develop team spirit in participants. School competitions will involve all students who are physically fit and also who are weaker. The competitions will last two days and embrace different activities. The first day will pass through l team games such as basketball, volleyball for girls and football for boys. The second day will process through team competitions devoted to running: long-distance races, sprints, running on the spots, high jump and standing (running) broad jump. It is necessary to explain why such physical activity is chosen. The first reason is that students will demonstrate their competency in different movement forms and their proficiency in selected ones. The second reason is that during team activities students will demonstrate team spirit, responsible social and personal behavior. The last reason is that students are taught in such way to understand and to respect differences among students with different physical abilities.

Marriage in Christina Rossettis Promises Like Pie-Crust and Edgar Alla

Marriage in Rossetti's Promises Like Pie-Crust and Poe's Bridal Ballad  Ã‚      In Christina Rossetti's "Promises Like Pie-Crust" and Edgar Allan Poe's "Bridal Ballad" female speakers encounter the milestone of marriage. Facing strong pressures from society, Rossetti's speaker refuses marriage in three well-reasoned arguments which are veiled in a guise of superciality. Conversely, Poe's speaker accepts marriage, but by the end of the poem realizes the dire consequences of her decision. Rossetti knows what she wants and does not want out of life; subsequently, Rossetti realizes that personal satisfaction and even joy may exist without a man and thus makes the tough decision not to marry. Poe's naive bride trusts in society and marries not out of love but in an attempt to attain happiness. Failing to either examine her inner thoughts or accept her misgivings, Poe's bride remains emotionally unready to marry. A paragon of the nineteenth century woman, Poe's bride, despite her doubts, succumbs to marriage whereas Rossetti's strong-willed speaker vehemently rejects the institution.    Poe's ostensible conformity opposes Rossetti's independent spirit; however, society's pressures affect both women. Poe writes "Bridal Ballad" in 1837 in America while Rossetti writes "Promises Like Pie-Crust" during the Victorian era in England; during both periods society demands that women marry (Mayberry 11).   Referring to the unwedded woman as an "old maid" or "spinster", society reinforces the notion that matrimony alone leads to a contented, blissful state. Born and bred to marry, a woman's disruption of the wed-and-then- procreate cycle engenders not only society's disrespect but also frightening uncertainty for the woman (Mayberry 11). ... ...ed bliss." Emotionally attached to her dead lover, Poe's bride proves her incapability of loving anyone else besides the dead D'Elormie. Citing several valid reasons, Rossetti eschews the decadent dessert while Poe's bride, deafened to reason by society's expectations, ignores Rossetti's arguments, seeks marriage as a panacea, and chokes on her medicine. Works Cited Greenblatt, Stephen, and M. H. Abrams. â€Å"Christina Rossetti.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 9th ed. Vol. 2. New York: Norton, 2012. 1489-512. Print.   Sova, Dawn B. â€Å"Bridal Ballad†. Critical Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 11 Dec. 2010. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&SID=5&iPin= CCEAP1298&SingleRecord=True>.

Public Hangings :: essays research papers

Capital punishment seemed to have been regenerated from the beginning of mankind, where beheading was considered an honorable method of meeting death, whereas hanging carried with it a definite stigma. The era of public hanging was emotionally satisfying even though the surroundings was emotionally tense. In contrast to private hangings where they were fewer observers, less theatrical from the accuse and hanging was becoming more of an inhuman punishment to inflict on those found guilty of their crime. Both forms of hangings were though to be an effective way of preventing individuals from committing a crime. Capital punishment seemed morally acceptable, to the public and there were individuals who were willing to carry out the execution. From the books; "†¦Hang By the Neck†¦", Hanging in the Balance and The trail of the Dinosaur, gives descriptions of public and private hangings, the responsibilities of the hangman and the general reaction of the public, who were for and againts hangings. In the days of public hangings, gallows or scaffolds were rather crude contraptions. Early contraptions consisted of two post in the ground, with a cross-piece between them from which the victim swung. As the years passed by a second contraption was invented, a single stout post with a timber nailed at a right angle at the top, with supporting boards attached. A third contraption was made which was a platform erected nine or more feet from the ground, in the middle of which was a trap door which swung upon hinges. This latest invention was commonly used towards the end of public hangings. In private hangings the same contraption was used, but the individual were taken down a lot quicker, for their was no need to display the executed to curious observer. Public executions were grim and was a disgusting spectacle to the accuses’ family and close friends, but for most individuals it was a time to rejoice and to celebrate. When a crowd assembled to witn ess a public event, they were out in a holiday mood. Hundreds of people came from long distances to view a hanging, concessionaires had money invested in trinkets and food to be sold at what they called jamborees. Public hanging were often imitated in plays, which were seen as despicable form of entertainment towards the victim and the accuses family. The scenes attending the hangings were for large gatherings from far and near, mostly bent on idle curiosity or for a grand jollification.

Direct & Indirect Cost in Retail Essay

What is an indirect cost? Indirect costs represent the expenses of doing business that are not readily identified with a particular grant, contract, project function, or activity, but are necessary for the general operation of the organization and the conduct of activities it performs. In theory, costs like heat, light, accounting, and personnel might be charged directly if little meters could record minutes in a cross-cutting manner. However, this is not practical; therefore cost allocation plans or indirect cost rates are used to distribute those indirect expenditures. Typically, salaries and expenses for auditing, budgeting, payroll, personnel, purchasing, etc. are examples of costs that are considered to be indirect costs. What is the indirect cost rate? The indirect cost rate is the maximum percent of dollars the district can expend from state and federal grants for administrative costs. Indirect cost rates (limits) ensure that state and federal moneys are expended for intended uses and for allowable costs, including expenditures directly traceable to the program (direct expenditures) plus a limited allowance for overhead or indirect expenditures. A â€Å"fixed with carry-forward† indirect cost rate is calculated for each district for all of its restricted federal grants and another â€Å"fixed with carry-forward† indirect cost rate is calculated for all of its unrestricted federal grants. Rates are individually computed for each district and are unique to each district. What does fixed with carry-forward mean? A fixed with carry-forward provision is a rate computed and fixed for a specified future period based on an estimate of that period’s level of operations. However, when the actual costs of that period become known, the difference between the estimated costs and the actual costs is carried forward as an adjustment to a subsequent period for which a rate is established. Indirect rates calculated on the 06-07 F-196 were used in 08-09 (2 year lag). Therefore, if a district’s rate on the 06-07 F-196 was 5.4%, the district could have used a maximum 5.4% indirect rate during the 08-09 school year. But, if at the end of FY 08-09, the rate calculated on the F-196 was only 4.2%, the subsequent indirect rate will be adjusted for the difference and the district will use the adjusted rate for the 2010-11 school year. The rate calculated on the 08-09 F-196 is the rate your district will use in 2010-11. This is the rate provided to iGRANTS. How can a grantee distinguish between a direct cost and an indirect cost? There is no universal rule for classifying costs as direct or indirect. Generally speaking, a direct cost is one that is incurred specifically for one activity. Indirect costs are more general in nature and are incurred for the benefit of several activities. Once a grantee makes an election and treats a given cost as direct or indirect, it must apply that treatment consistently and may not change during the fiscal year. What does organization-wide costs mean? Generally, direct administration costs differ from indirect charges in that the indirect charges are considered organization-wide costs. This means costs which are related to maintaining operations as a business concern but not costs that finance the delivery of services that provide a part of its specific mission. The regulations describe accounting, payroll, and personnel management as examples of organizational disciplines that every grantee or any organization must have. When making a determination as to whether a cost is organization-wide, the question to be answered is: â€Å"Is this cost incurred for general management purposes or does the cost further functions that are the mission of the organization?†

Immanuel Kant S Moral Theory Essay

Although Kant’s moral theory makes many great points about fairness and equality, the negatives of the theory outweigh the positives. Kant’s moral theory would never be able to function in today’s society. His theory is based solely on always fulfilling your moral duty. Which would be impossible since once someone told a lie or showed emotion everything would fall apart. Due to the fact that everyone wouldn’t trust anyone anymore which wouldn’t end up well. Deontology is defined as the theory of duty. Kant’s moral theory can be categorized as a deontological theory, due to his belief that you have a moral duty to fulfill (Kant 114). Kant believes that all people have intrinsic or inherent value. Which in simple terms mean that we as human beings are held to a higher standard; to know what is right and wrong (Kant 114). Kant states that there are only two principles for an action to be morally right. First, you must have done the action out of the motivation of good will. Kant defines good will as â€Å"To act out of duty, out of a concern and respect for the moral law†(Kant 114). Good will plays a very important role on assessing the moral worth of an action. Kant explains that you can’t just have good will for an action but also you must do the right thing. So without good will you couldn’t determine any action morally right. The second principle is that the action must conform to moral law. If you follow these two Blezien 3 principles the outcome being good or bad is not your responsibility (Kant 113). Moral law is universal and is determined by categorical imperatives. The use of categorical imperatives plays a big role in Kant’s overall moral theory. The first categorical imperative formulation is â€Å" Act only on that maxim that you can will as a universal law† (Kant 116). This categorical imperative applies to everyone and focuses on your thought process before you act on something. You must ask yourself is what I’m about to do something I can approve of others doing on the regular? If you can’t approve of others committing the same act then your action wouldn’t pass the categorical imperative test. Kant’s second formulation is â€Å" Always treat humanity, whether in your own person or that of another, never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end† (Kant 117). The second categorical imperative applies to your individual self and everyone else. This imperative focuses on how you should always acknowledge everyone’s value and existence. There is never a time where you should use someone or let someone use you. My first time reading about Kant’s moral theory I thought there were only weaknesses. After I spent more time analyzing the theory, I found that there are both strengths and weaknesses. A strength that I found was how Kant really expressed that everyone is to be treated equally. Kant says that since all humans are rational beings that we are all capable of respecting others. This is a strength because with everyone using their moral obligation to treat each other equally things would be a lot easier. People would not only consider themselves before acting on something but they would have to make sure they are Blezien 3 considering the moral thing to do. If this idea of equality were universal and followed by everyone; there would be a lot less violence, depression, and racial tension. Which would leave everyone overall satisfied since everybody is following the moral law. A critical weakness I found in Kant’s moral theory is that he says there is a right and wrong for everything. This is a weakness because; there are many examples where using good will isn’t the best answer. For example when I read that Kant suggested that if a killer comes to your house; and asked where your friend is to kill him you must tell the truth. That seems a little extreme and I have to disagree that would be the best thing to do. Your emotions would sure be going crazy which already makes your answer morally wrong according to Kant. He needs to know where to draw the line and shouldn’t be only on one side. In this paper I have described the basic principles of Kant’s moral theory. I have learned that without having a good will you can never be morally right according to Kant. His categorical imperatives show a lot of fairness and equality, but when it comes down something simple like lying to someone who wants to kill your friend to save your friends life you’re not morally correct. Overall, Kant’s moral theory was very interesting to study how philosophers thought back then. I wonder what Kant would think if he knew how much we let our emotions affect our decisions.

Nop Application Form

Lahore University of Management Science Application form for National Outreach Programme Batch 2013 Who can apply? 1 Photograph Paste here with glue Applicants should have atleast 80% MARKS IN MATRICULATION in order to apply for the NOP. Moreover, NOP is a NEED BASED SCHOLARSHIP. Only genuinely financially deserving students will be considered for the Programme. Instructions for the submission of application form: Please follow these instructions carefully: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Fill the form in BLOCK LETTERS.Fill in the form using a black pen. Write your name and date of birth at the back of each photograph. Fill the form completely; INCOMPLETE forms will not be processed. Submit all the required supporting documents (Listed below) with your application form. Applications WITHOUT COMPLETE DOCUMENTS will not be processed. No further reminder will be sent. †¢ †¢ Application Form along with all the required supporting documents should reach LUMS Admissions O ffice latest by April 19, 2013.Selection decisions will be mailed in June – July 2013. CHECKLIST OF THE REQUIRED ACADEMIC DOCUMENTS: Please mail all the required supporting documents (mentioned below) along with the application form in a single envelope to the mailing address given below in the box: †¢ †¢ †¢ Three attested latest passport size photographs; Attested copy of Matriculation/O level result card (Attestation should be from your School); Attested copy of National Identity Card (NIC) of your parents/guardian;Page 1 of 9 CHECKLIST OF THE REQUIRED FINANCIAL AID DOCUMENTS: For each of the items in the check list below, please ensure that you either provide the relevant document(s) or if this is not possible specify a logical reason for not being able to do so. For example: If you don’t have any loan outstanding against your name, you can write: I certify that I don’t have any loan outstanding against my name. The LUMS Financial Aid Office ha s the right to accept or reject the explanation/reason. †¢ †¢ †¢Income certificates of all earning members of the family* – This includes latest salary slip for salaried persons (father/ mother/ brothers/ sisters), pension books for retired, income affidavit for self employed or businessman and a certificate/ proof in case of any other income. Bank Statements (for the last year) of all bank accounts in the names of all the family members and in the name of business in case of businessmen. Utility Bills (last three months) – Electricity, Gas, Phone, Water. Note: * An income certificate is the document that shows monthly/annual income.If your parents/guardian are salaried, an original copy of a pay slip should be attached, otherwise if your parents/guardian own a business they should submit Bank Statement for the last one year. If parents/ guardian do not fall in either of the above two cases (that is salaried employee or business man) they should submit a n undertaking on a stamp paper/affidavit (of Rs. 20) stating their income and with relevant details. Important Notes: †¢ †¢ In case of providing false information, candidate will be disqualified and his / her application will not be considered.If required, you will be requested to provide more financial documents/ information to carry the process further. Mailing address is given below: Syed Absar Ul Hassan Office of Admissions Lahore University of Management Sciences Sector U, DHA, Lahore Cantt. 54792 2 Photographs Staple here Page 2 of 9 Personal Information Name: Father’s Name: Guardian’s Name: Date of Birth (of student): ______/______/______ dd / mm / yy Father’s / Guardian’s NIC #: (Provide a copy of NIC) Mailing Address: (All future correspondence will be made on this address) CITY: Phone #: / (City code) DISTRICT: Mobile #: PROVINCE:Permanent Address: ( If different from the mailing address) CITY: Phone #: / (City code) DISTRICT: PROVINCE : Email*: * It is mandatory for you to have a valid email address as well otherwise your form can be considered INCOMPLETE. Do you have internet access at home or near your house? YES NO Page 3 of 9 Secondary School Information Total Marks/ Grades Matric / O-level Name of School / College Name of Examination Board Did you have a position in Board Exam? If yes; which one? YES NO Obtained Marks/Grades 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9 – 10 Post Secondary School/Intermediate level Degree InformationHave you completed your intermediate level degree? YES NO Total Marks/ Grades Intermediate / A-level 1st year Intermediate / A-level 2nd year General Science Roll No: Obtained Marks/Grades Stream Name: Pre-Medical Pre-Engineering Arts/Commerce Other Name of Examination Board Did you have a position in Board Exam? YES NO If yes; which one? Any other achievement: 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 à ¢â‚¬â€œ 8 – 9 – 10 Give details of teacher / headmaster / principal of your institution who knows you personally. Name: School: Tel:________/_____________ (city code) Address:__________________________________________Email address: Page 4 of 9 Give details about yourself and your siblings*: *Siblings are brothers and sisters Full Name Age (in years) School / College / University (If still studying) Annual Fee (in Rs) Parents Scholarships Contribution (in Rs) (in Rs) Assets Title i. House ii. Land / Plot iii. Agriculture iv. Commercial Any other information Asset Ownership** Current Value ( in Pakistani Rupees) Area (in Kanals/Marlas or Sq. Feet) Location **In this column provide information about who owns the specific asset. It can be your father, mother, brother or grandfather etc.Income Source Profession i. Agricultural income (Annual) ii. Salary / Pension (Annual) iii. Returns on Saving & Investment (Annual) iv. Rental Income(Annual) v. Business Income (Annual) vi. Income from any other source Total (i, ii, iii, iv,v & vi) A: Total Income: (A+B+C) Father’s Mother’s Guardian’s / Brother’s & Sister’s B: C: Page 5 of 9 How many air-conditioners do you have in your house? Type of Vehicle 1 2 3 4 Make and Model Owned by Annual Educational Expenses Annual Rent (If living in a rented house) Annual Taxes Annual Telephone Bills Are there any outstanding loans? ) ii) iii) Yes No Annual Medical Expenses Transportation/Food/Traveling Expenses/Other Expenses (per Annum) Annual Electricity Bills Annual Water/Gas Bills If yes then: Please indicate the amount of loan in Rs. ________________________. And also please specify the purpose for taking the loan ___________________ The source from where loan was taken Bank * Relative Employer* Other (Please Specify): * Please attach the supporting documents in case the loan is taken from a Bank or Employer. Any other expense: ? Tuition Fee for the first year at LUMS is Rs. 5,00,000/ - approximately ?Please Indicate the total amount of contribution you can make towards your tuition fee annually at LUMS Rs: ________________ Page 6 of 9 Why do you require financial aid (Attach separate sheet if required)? How did you get to know about National Outreach Program? (Tick any one of the following) Friends/Relatives Newspaper Add LUMS website Information Session at School/College Kindly mention the School/College Name where you attended the session:_________________________________________ Other(Please Specify): ___________________________ Undertaking: I certify that the information given on this form is accurate to the best of my knowledge.I understand that any misrepresentation may cause my dismissal from the Programme at any stage. ________________________ Applicant’s Signatures Date: ______/______/______ dd / mm / yy ________________________ Father/Guardian’s Signature Date: ______/______/______ dd / mm / yy For enquiries regarding your application for m contact us at: Phone: 042-35608000; Ext: 2433 Fax: 042-35898317, Email: [email  protected] edu. pk Page 7 of 9 Essay Topic: Describe a situation or an experience of your life which demonstrates your best characteristic or quality (200 words): You can express your ideas in English or Urdu. Page 8 of 9 Page 9 of 9

Toni Morrison's Recitatif Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Toni Morrison's Recitatif - Essay Example Still, she has made seminal contributions through her poetry and short stories. Notably, her short story Recitatif is considered a seminal work in racial writing. This essay specifically examines Morrison’s Recitatif, tracing the theme of race throughout the text. Analysis Perhaps the most notable aspect of Morrison’s Recitatif is that while the short story is almost primarily concerned with race, the issue itself is only addressed indirectly. Morrison even subtly toys with this ambiguity writing, â€Å"it didn't matter that we looked like salt and pepper standing there† (Morrison), while never revealing who is salt and who is pepper. Indeed, the text never even fully reveals the racial background of the two primary characters. While there are a variety of reasons for this technique, it’s been argued that, â€Å"Throughout the story Morrison scatters information about Twyla and Roberta that proves inconclusive in terms of firmly determining the women†™s racial identities. The ambiguity of these details suggests that what is essential about the women†¦is the nature of their relationship and their emotional connection with each other† (Gillespie, p. 163). Within this spectrum of investigation the argument is made that Morrison neglects directly revealing these protagonists’ racial backgrounds as a means of demonstrating the true importance in life is their relationship. This is a highly potent statement as it doesn’t merely reflect a theme occurring within the context of the text, or even solely to racial considerations, but rather can be extended to all forms of human interaction; that is, not only is Morrison exploring racial and social divides, but she is pointing the way forward towards a better and more equitable world. Ultimately, it is this mode of writing that places this text in a literary position that extends beyond merely a pleasurable narrative, but also makes the text truly important. In ex amining the theme of race in Morrison’s Recitatif it is necessary to examine it through the prism of Twyla and Roberta’s relationship. While race is a central concern, this issue emerges as an inter-connected aspect of their social interactions. Indeed, from the very beginning of the story Morrison links their development, as they were both required to visit the shelter because of their mothers, â€Å"My mother danced all night and Roberta’s was sick† (Morrison). While the line is simple and direct it underlines the complex interaction these characters will have throughout the text. It also symbolically links their life struggles to similar circumstances, showing that many of universal challenges of the human condition are not at all linked to race. In addition to these connections there are many instances towards the beginning of the text where Morrison implements vivid and descriptive narrative techniques to demonstrate the strong bond Twyla and Roberta share. Morrison writes, â€Å"We got along all right, Roberta and me. Changed beds every night, got F's in civics and communication skills and gym†¦We were the only ones dumped and the only ones with F's in three classes including gym† (Morrison). Although these descriptions have nothing to do with race, they demonstrate the poignant and profound connection the two girls have obtained. This connection is not contingent on race, but instead involves similar backgrounds, perspectives, and situational challenges. The story’

Does the suppression of unions and workers groups, and collective Essay

Does the suppression of unions and workers groups, and collective action undermine democracy - Essay Example It is always clear that unions and collective action allow employees to achieve steady increase in their fields of compensation, working conditions and their economic standards. Consequently, unions also play a greater role in facilitating the levels of democracy, inclusion and participation is the general society. This result is experienced both within the place of work and widely in social and democratic activities. Therefore, these unions exert this positive influence directly through their own internal processes and functions but also indirectly through their impact on the level of inclusion, participation, and protection to the society fully (Silverman). Internal evidence proves that societies with stronger unions and collective bargaining system will always demonstrate greater levels of equality and inclusion and stronger democratic participation. Below is a brief review of the various dimensions of unions’ positive influence on the effective and quality democracy. The employees always have two major basic mechanisms for expressing that they are not satisfied with their situation in the place of work. The first concept involves the classic market mechanism of exit and entry, in this case, the individuals practice their freedom of choice to either accept a situation or reject it (Silverman). This can relate with the fact that if a consumer is not satisfied by a product or service he or she can change their respective providers, and this applies to workers who are not satisfied with the kind of job they do to reject the job and move to an offer that is more desirable. In the labor market, exit is synonymous with quitting and entry with new companies hire. Great organizations such as public agencies, governments, and large corporations can facilitate the exit entry idea by providing the possibility of transferring from one department to another instead of leaving the firm or organization completely. The second

Different modes of Internationalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Different modes of Internationalization - Essay Example There are various methods or strategies in which the corporations enter into the foreign markets. This essay provides a detailed analysis of the options that are available for a company for its overseas expansion. Trade Countries of the world get involved into trading relations with one another in order to get some advantage of the resources in which each of the countries specialises in. The absolute advantage theory of Adam Smith states that the countries that specialises in one particular resource would exchange the resource for something that the other country specialises in. For example one country may have enough amount of wine and a second country may have abundance in cheese. Then these two countries would exchange their resources of wine and cheese with the resource that they have in abundance. David Ricardo on the other hand had put forward his comparative advantage theory in the context of international trade. According to him the countries that have comparative advantage i n the production of one good would export that good to another country which has comparative disadvantage in the production of that particular good. Advantages of Trade Creation of jobs and attraction of investments from various sectors which otherwise would not have operated to the maximum capacity. Introduction and exchange of technology and knowhow of production which adds to the total income of the countries that are involved in trade. Access to the international markets and thereby the customers can buy the various types of products and services Increases the competition among the domestic and the foreign players. Disadvantages of Trade Various issue related to the cultural identities of the nations crop up like most of the companies like Coca cola or Microsoft are built upon the cultures of the US and the other nations are forced to embrace it. The emerging nations are forced to meet the demands of the developing nations and thus they do not often meet the needs of the domesti c markets. The safety standards and the compensation of the workers are often not up to international standards. Political constraints make the trade relations between countries complicated which may lead to imbalances in the BOP position of the countries. FDI Foreign Direct Investment is a form of investment that a company or an individual which is based in a particular country would make in a foreign country in form of investments in new projects or existing projects of local undertaking. The company or the project in the foreign country in which the company invests would prefer to maintain control over it. The economies in which there are prospects for growth and has sufficient resources, there would be considerable amount of foreign investments. There are several ways in which the FDI can be made. Setting up subsidiaries Getting equity control over an existing company in the overseas country Strategic alliances For example a company based in Germany may be interested in any comp any producing electronic products based in China. The company can get into strategic alliance with the Chinese company or may become of